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Science & Technology in the Muslim world

I don't think back in those days people gave a damn about ethnic backgrounds; everyone was simply "Muslim". And most Persians wrote in Arabic because it became the lingua franca of the region and the language of science at the time
Alas that's not true arab those days were racest worst than the western people today those days no none arab have the right to marry arab woman as there blood not pure enough to do so.

Today Arab are way more tolerate and less racist than before especially in countries like Iraq as a real arab country whilst in the gulf still have some of the past.
 
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10 Muslim inventions that shaped Modern world


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London: Think of the origins of that staple of modern life, the cup of coffee, and Italy often springs to mind.
But in fact, Yemen is where the ubiquitous brew has its true origins.

Along with the first university, and even the toothbrush, it is among surprising Muslim inventions that have shaped the world we live in today.

The origins of these fundamental ideas and objects -- the basis of everything from the bicycle to musical scales -- are the focus of "1001 Inventions," a book celebrating "the forgotten" history of 1,000 years of Muslim heritage.

"There's a hole in our knowledge, we leap frog from the Renaissance to the Greeks," professor Salim al-Hassani, Chairman of the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, and editor of the book told CNN.

"1001 Inventions" is now an exhibition at London's Science Museum. Hassani hopes the exhibition will highlight the contributions of non-Western cultures -- like the Muslim empire that once covered Spain and Portugal, Southern Italy and stretched as far as parts of China -- to present day civilization.

Here Hassani shares his top 10 outstanding Muslim inventions:

1. Surgery

Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.

2. Coffee

Now the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped Sufis stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.

3. Flying machine

"Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly," said Hassani. In the 9th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume. In his most famous trial near Cordoba in Spain, Firnas flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back. His designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for famed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of years later, said Hassani.

4. University

In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani says he hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.

5. Algebra

The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing." Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.

6. Optics

"Many of the most important advances in the study of optics come from the Muslim world," says Hassani. Around the year 1000 Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself. This great Muslim physicist also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.

7. Music

Muslim musicians have had a profound impact on Europe, dating back to Charlemagne tried to compete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba, according to Hassani. Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East are the lute and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet.

8. Toothbrush

According to Hassani, the Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600. Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath. Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.

9. The crank

Many of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, the crank enables the lifting of heavy objects with relative ease. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the 12th century, exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.

10. Hospitals

"Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and teaching centers, come from 9th century Egypt," explained Hassani. The first such medical center was the Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo. Tulun hospital provided free care for anyone who needed it -- a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick. From Cairo, such hospitals spread around the Muslim world.

Courtesy CNN ...............
 
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Surgery:

Several centuries before Al Zahrawi, an exhaustive book as described below was published in India; The text was translated to Arabic as Kitab-i-Susrud in the 8th century. But the cat gut for stitching was indeed a later advancement invented by the Arab.

Below details from wikipedia:

The Suśrutasamhitā is an important Sanskrit text on medicine, considered to be one of the earliest major works related to detailed study of medicine and surgery. Written by Sushruta, it is commonly dated to the period of 6th century BC.[1][2] [3][4][5]

It is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine), alongside the Charaka Samhita, Bhela Samhita, and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript.[6][7][8]

The Sushruta Samhita, in its extant form, is divided in 184 chapters and contains descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources.[3] The text discusses surgical techniques of making incisions, probing, extraction of foreign bodies, alkali and thermal cauterization, tooth extraction, excisions, and trocars for draining abscess, draining hydrocele and ascitic fluid, the removal of the prostate gland, urethral stricture dilatation, vesiculolithotomy, hernia surgery, caesarian section, management of haemorrhoids, fistulae, laparotomy and management of intestinal obstruction, perforated intestines, and accidental perforation of the abdomen with protrusion of omentum and the principles of fracture management, viz., traction, manipulation, appositions and stabilization including some measures of rehabilitation and fitting of prosthetics. It enumerates six types of dislocations, twelve varieties of fractures, and classification of the bones and their reaction to the injuries, and gives a classification of eye diseases including cataract surgery.

The text was translated to Arabic as Kitab-i-Susrud in the 8th century.

UNIVERSITY

It is very certain and physically proven that there were other great universities before 859 year one mentioned above. In fact Nalanda, Taxila were 4th or 5th Century; I think Pushpagiri also preceded the al Quarawiyin

HOSPITALS

It is well established through architectural and other evidence that early hospitals with wards and patient rools etc were there in India and Sri Lanka; the earlier physical evidence is in Sri Lanka from 4th century !!

: The History of Hospitals and Wards

Ancient writings indicate that the Sinhalese King Pandukabhaya had hospitals built in present day Sri Lanka in the 4th century BC. The oldest architectural evidence of a hospital appears to be at Mihintale in Sri Lanka which can be dated to the 9th century AD. The extensive ruins suggest there were patient rooms which measured 13 x 13 which is surprisingly close to the patient rooms used today. In addition to surgical instruments, archeologists found a stone “medicinal trough” approximately seven feet in length and 30 inches wide that may have been used for the first hydrotherapy with mineral water or medicinal oils.
 
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Muslim is a vague term , it's like if you say , vaccines , airplanes and internal combustion engines were Christian inventions
 
Religion and MODERN science are opposed to each other.

For any individual / society that has misunderstood the religion or requires other's interpretations to understand the religion. Otherwise I don't remember anything in my religion that stops me from research, search and education.
 
For any individual / society that has misunderstood the religion or requires other's interpretations to understand the religion. Otherwise I don't remember anything in my religion that stops me from research, search and education.

A true religion can NEVER be MISS-understood by its followers.

What you see is what you get.

Please engage more people for science and technology in the muslim world.

ISIS is already doing that.
 
A true religion can NEVER be MISS-understood by its followers.

What you see is what you get.

Religion says "Every living being has to taste the death" Science Modern or Ancient cannot deny this nor it has been able to make any living being immortal, however, the followers of the religion live like they will never die. I see and interpret what I want to see, religion has not forced anything on me, if I choose to remain backward my fault, nothing to do with my religion because I have not understood my religion in the first place.

O.T: Sorry to see your new title color.
 
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Development in Technology directly links to country's economy. No Food! No Idea!
 
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The most precise solar calendar, superior to the Julian, is the Jilali, devised under the supervision of Umar Khayyam.

The Quran contains many references to astronomy:

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"And it is He who created the night and the day and the sun and the moon; all [heavenly bodies] in an orbit are swimming."
[Noble Quran 21:33]
 
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